Bayesian inference is a statistical method that involves using Bayes' theorem to update the probability of a hypothesis as new evidence is obtained. It allows for the incorporation of prior knowledge or beliefs into the analysis, making it a powerful tool for making inferences in a wide range of fields, including medicine, economics, and machine learning. The Bayesian approach is particularly useful when working with small sample sizes or complex data, as it provides a flexible framework for combining data and prior knowledge to make informed decisions or predictions.